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Ring Of Ice



Prominence of earthquakes in North America and around Greenland has prompted a team of researchers led by Arctic-news blog editor Sam Carana to coin the phrase “Ring Of Ice” to describe what they see happening in the Arctic.

“Melting of ice in north Canada and on Greenland is causing pressure changes, resulting in seismic activity”, explains Sam Carana.

Heavy seismic activity is ocurring along the faultlines that constitute the border of the North American Plate, similar to the the heavy activity along the Ring Of Fire around the Pacific Ocean.

Seismic activity roughly follows the borders of the North American Plate, which includes Greenland. However, where the major fault bends away to the west following the Aleutian Islands, seismic activity continues north through Alaska along a line that extends over the North Pole toward Svalbard.

This northward path through Alaska is illustrated by the earthquakes on the image below.


“Earthquakes are prominent along the entire border of the North American Plate”, Sam Carana adds, “but they increasingly appear to be taking this shortcut through Alaska and the underlying cause of this is melting of ice in north Canada and on Greenland”.

“This Ring Of Ice spells danger, just like the name Ring Of Fire indicates danger”, Sam Carana concludes. “The name Ring Of Fire warns about possible volcanoes, earthquakes, landslides and tsunamis. The Ring Of Ice seems even more dangerous, since seismic activity could destabilize methane hydrates contained in sediments under the Arctic Ocean, and could trigger huge methane eruptions. The fault line running from Greenland to Siberia is the most dangerous area on Earth in that respect”.

From the earlier post High Methane Levels over Laptev Sea







Warming waters threaten to trigger methane eruptions from Arctic Ocean seafloor


K. Tung / Univ. of Washington. (Top) Global
average surface temperatures, where black dots
are yearly averages. Two flat periods (hiatus)
are separated by rapid warming from 1976-1999.
(Middle) Observations of heat content, compared
to the average, in the north Atlantic Ocean.
(Bottom) Salinity of the seawater in the same
part of the Atlantic. Higher salinity is seen
to coincide with more ocean heat storage.
A new study looks at how, in the 21st century, surface warming slowed as more heat moved deeper into the oceans, specifically the North Atlantic.

Sun-warmed salty water travels north along ocean currents in the Atlantic. When this saltier water reaches the North Atlantic, its greater density causes it to sink. From about 1999, this current began to speed up and draw heat deeper into the ocean.

These huge amounts of heat moving deeper into the Atlantic Ocean are very worrying.

The image below shows that sea surface temperatures have reached extremely high levels on the Northern Hemisphere, where sea surface temperature anomalies as high as 1.78 degrees Celsius were recorded on August 19, 2014.

As discussed in an earlier post, water carried by the Gulf Stream below the surface can be even warmer than surface waters. As the post discusses, high sea surface temperatures west of Svalbard indicate that the Gulf Stream can carry very warm water (warmer than 16°C) at greater depths and is pushing this underneath the sea ice north of Svalbard. Similarly, warm water from greater depth comes to the surface where the Gulf Stream pushes it against the west coast of Novaya Zemlya.


Very warm water is now invading the Arctic Ocean through the Bering Strait from the Pacific Ocean, while very warm water is also traveling on the back of the Gulf Stream from the North Atlantic into the Arctic Ocean.


The danger is that this warm water will destabilize hydrates contained in sediments under the Arctic Ocean and trigger huge methane eruptions.

Rising methane levels over the past few years are ominous in this respect. The image below shows very high mean global methane levels on August 28, 2014, while methane readings as high as 2561 ppb were recorded on that day.

Methane Levels -  see earlier post for a discussion of IPCC/NOAA data

In conclusion, the situation is dire and calls for comprehensive and effective action, as discussed at the Climate Plan blog.



References and Related Links

- Varying planetary heat sink led to global-warming slowdown and acceleration
by Xianyao Chen and Ka-Kit Tung.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6199/897

- Cause of global warming hiatus found deep in the Atlantic Ocean
University of Washington News Release
http://www.washington.edu/news/2014/08/21/cause-of-global-warming-hiatus-found-deep-in-the-atlantic-ocean

- Horrific Methane Eruptions in East Siberian Sea
http://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/horrific-methane-eruptions-in-east-siberian-sea.html

- Methane Buildup in the Atmosphere
http://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/methane-buildup-in-atmosphere.html

- Climate Plan blog
http://climateplan.blogspot.com



No new laws needed for President Obama to act

For anyone attending the September 23, 2014, Climate Summit in New York, it is important to bring the message that, while Congress may seek to deny the physical and legal realities, President Obama can and should act on climate change.


As you know, Sam Carana advocates comprehensive and effective action as discussed at the Climate Plan blog. You can share the message on facebook by clicking on the image below.


Links

- Climate Summit (Wikipedia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Summit

- U.N. Climate Summit 2014
http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit

- Climate Plan
http://climateplan.blogspot.com



Very warm waters are invading the Arctic Ocean

Global mean methane levels as high as 1836 parts per billion were recorded at several altitudes on August 24, 2014. Meanwhile, the Arctic Ocean continues to warm up. As the image below shows, the ocean heat is felt strongly on the Northern Hemisphere.
Very warm waters from the North Pacific and the North Atlantic Oceans are now invading the Arctic Ocean. Never before in human history have these waters been this warm. In the Arctic Ocean, this is causing very high sea surface temperatures, as shown on the image below.

[ click on image to enlarge ]
The very high temperatures threaten to trigger all kinds of feedbacks, as described in the image below.

Feedbacks in the Arctic
The big danger is that, as the seabed warms up, methane will erupt from hydrates in sediments under the Arctic Ocean. The situation is dire and calls for comprehensiev and effective action, as discussed at the Climate Plan blog.


Persistently High Methane Concentrations over Beaufort Sea

High methane concentrations have been showing up over Beaufort Sea over the past few days, as shown on the image below. This follows the recent high methane concentrations over the East Siberian Sea.


The persistent character of these very high methane concentrations over the Arctic Ocean indicates that methane has started to erupt from clathrates under the seabed, triggered by very warm water reaching the bottom of the Arctic Ocean.

Methane eruptions from hydrates in sediments under the Arctic Ocean helped mean methane levels reach new records, with mean global methane readings as high as 1835 parts per billion recorded at several altitudes on August 17, 2014.


The very high sea surface temperature anomalies that show up on above image give an idea of the inflow of warm water from the Pacific Ocean through the Bering Strait. This is further highlighted by the combination image below.

[ click on image to enlarge ]
The situation is dire and calls for comprehensive and effective action, as discussed at the Climate Plan blog.


Heatwave to hit Greenland

A heatwave with temperature anomalies exceeding 36°F (20°C) is expected to hit Greenland between August 16 and 22, 2014, as illustrated by the image on the left and the animation on the right. 

Such heatwaves can be expected to hit the Arctic more frequently and with greater intensity, as temperatures in the Arctic are rising faster than elsewhere on Earth.

Such heatwaves can result in massive melting on Greenland, as persistent heat changes the texture of the snow and ice cover, in turn reducing its reflectivity. This makes that less sunlight is reflected back into space and is instead absorbed. 

The image below illustrates what a difference the presence of sea ice can make.
from: Arctic Warming due to Snow and Ice Demise
As the NSIDC/NOAA graphs below shows, melting on Greenland has been relatively modest this year when compared to the situation in 2012. By July 12, 2012, 97% of the ice sheet surface had thawed, according to this NASA analysis and this NOAA Arctic Report Card.


Melting on Greenland directly affects sea level rise, and melting on Greenland is accelerating due to a number of factors.

Projections of melting on Greenland have long been based on a warming atmosphere only, ignoring the warmer waters that lubricate glaciers and that warm Greenland's bedrock canyons that sit well below sea level.

Furthermore, there are growing quantities of black carbon deposits as a result of burning of fossil fuel and biomass. High temperatures have recently caused ferocious wildfires in Canada that have in turn caused a lot of black carbon to go up high into the atmosphere.

And of course, the atmosphere over the Arctic is warming up much faster than most models had projected. This in turn causes triggers further feebacks, including more extreme weather events such as heatwaves and rain storms that can be expected to hit Greenland with ever more frequency and ferocity. Further feedbacks include methane eruptions from the heights of Greenland, as discussed at the Arctic Feedbacks Page.

When also taking into account the accelerating impact of such factors on melting in Greenland, sea levels could rise much faster than anticipated, as illustrated by the image below.

from: more than 2.5m sea level rise by 2040? 

Note that sea level rise is only one of the many dangers of global warming, as discussed in the 2007 post Ten Dangers of Global Warming.

The image on the right shows a temperature forecast for August 16, 2014, with parts of Greenland changing in color from blue into green, i.e. above the melting point for snow and ice.

Such high temperatures are now hitting locations close to the North Pole ever more frequently, due to the many feedbacks that are accelerating warming in the Arctic, as discussed at this Feedbacks page.

One of the most dangerous feedbacks is a sudden eruption of huge quantities of methane from the seafloor of the Arctic Ocean, as discussed in a recent post.

The impact of such feedbacks can be accumulative and interactive, resulting in self-reinforcing feedbacks loops that can escalate into runaway warming.

Below is another forecast by ClimateReanalyzer for August 16, 2014, showing the remarkable ‘greening’ of Greenland, as well as the very high temperatures reaching the higher latitudes of North America.


Also see the very high sea surface temperatures around Greenland on the image below, created with ClimateReanalyzer.

Sea surface temperature anomalies on August 15, 2014. 
In conclusion, the situation is dire and calls for comprehensive and effective action, as discussed at the Climate Plan blog


Horrific Methane Eruptions in East Siberian Sea

A catastrophe of unimaginable propertions is unfolding in the Arctic Ocean. Huge quantities of methane are erupting from the seafloor of the East Siberian Sea and entering the atmosphere over the Arctic Ocean.


As the top image above shows, peak levels as high as 2363 ppb were recorded at an altitude of 19,820 ft (6041 m) on the morning of August 12, 2014. The middle image shows that huge quantities of methane continued to be present over the East Siberian Sea that afternoon, while the bottom image shows that methane levels as high as 2441 ppb were recorded a few days earlier, further indicating that the methane did indeed originate from the seafloor of the East Siberian Sea.

On August 12, 2014, peak methane levels at higher altitudes were even higher than the readings mentioned on above image. Levels as high as 2367 ppb were reached at an altitude of 36,850 ft (11,232 m). Such high levels have become possible as the huge quantities of methane that were released from the seafloor of the Arctic Ocean over the period from October 2013 to March 2014, have meanwhile descended to lower latitudes where they show up at higher altitudes.

Methane eruptions from the Arctic Ocean's seafloor helped push up mean global methane levels to readings as high as 1832 ppb on August 12, 2014.

Ironically, the methane started to erupt just as an international team of scientists from Sweden, Russia and the U.S. (SWERUS-C3), visiting the Arctic Ocean to measure methane, had ended their research.

Örjan Gustafsson describes part of their work: “Using the mid-water sonar, we mapped out an area of several kilometers where bubbles were filling the water column from depths of 200 to 500 m. During the preceding 48 h we have performed station work in two areas on the shallow shelf with depths of 60-70m where we discovered over 100 new methane seep sites.”

Örjan Gustafsson adds that “a tongue of relatively warm Atlantic water, with a core at depths of 200–600 m may have warmed up some in recent years. As this Atlantic water, the last remnants of the Gulf Stream, propagates eastward along the upper slope of the East Siberian margin, our SWERUS-C3 program is hypothesizing that this heating may lead to destabilization of upper portion of the slope methane hydrates.”

Schematics of key components of the Arctic climate-cryosphere-carbon system that are addressed by the SWE-C3 Program. a,b) Sonar images of gas plumes in the water column caused by sea floor venting of methane (a: slope west of Svalbard, Westbrook et al., 2009; b: ESAO, Shakhova et al., 2010, Science). c) Coastal erosion of organic-rich Yedoma permafrost, Muostoh Island, SE Laptev Sea. d) multibeam image showing pockmarks from gas venting off the East Siberian shelf. e) distribution of Yedoma permafrost in NE Siberia. f) Atmospheric venting of CH4, CO2. (SWERUS-C3)
Örjan Gustafsson further adds that SWERUS-C3 researchers have on earlier expeditions documented extensive venting of methane from the subsea system to the atmosphere over the East Siberian Arctic Shelf.

In 2010, team members Natalia Shakhova and Igor Semiletov estimated the accumulated methane potential for the Eastern Siberian Arctic Shelf alone to be as follows:
- organic carbon in permafrost of about 500 Gt;
- about 1000 Gt in hydrate deposits; and
- about 700 Gt in free gas beneath the gas hydrate stability zone.

Back in 2008, Shakhova et al. wrote a paper warning that “we consider release of up to 50 Gt of predicted amount of hydrate storage as highly possible for abrupt release at any time.”

Last year, a team of researchers including Professor Peter Wadhams calculated that such a 50 Gt release would cause global damage with a price-tag of $60 trillion.

As Prof Wadhams explains in the video below: “We really have no choice except to seriously consider the use of geoengineering.”



Sea surface temperatures as high as 18.8°C are now recorded at locations where warm water from the Pacific Ocean is threatening to invade the Arctic Ocean.

At the same time, huge amounts of very warm water are carried into the Arctic Ocean by the Gulf Stream through the North Atlantic. The image below illustrates how the Gulf Stream brings very warm water to the edge of the sea ice.

Waters close to Svalbard reached temperatures as high as 62°F (16.4°C) on July 29, 2014 (green circle). Note that the image below shows sea surface temperatures only. At greater depths (say about 300 m), the Gulf Stream is pushing even warmer water through the Greenland Sea than temperatures at the sea surface.

Since the passage west of Svalbard is rather shallow, a lot of this very warm water comes to the surface at that spot, resulting in an anomaly of 11.1°C. The high sea surface temperatures west of Svalbard thus show that the Gulf Stream can carry very warm water (warmer than 16°C) at greater depths and is pushing this underneath the sea ice north of Svalbard. Similarly, warm water from greater depth comes to the surface where the Gulf Stream pushes it against the west coast of Novaya Zemlya.


[ click on image to enlarge ]
As Malcolm Light writes in an earlier post: The West Spitzbergen Current dives under the Arctic ice pack west of Svalbard, continuing as the Yermak Branch (YB on map) into the Nansen Basin, while the Norwegian Current runs along the southern continental shelf of the Arctic Ocean, its hottest core zone at 300 metres depth destabilizing the methane hydrates en route to where the Eurasian Basin meets the Laptev Sea, a region of extreme methane hydrate destabilization and methane emissions.

The images below give an impression of the amount of heat transported into the Arctic Ocean.



The image below gives an idea how methane eruptions from the seafloor of the Arctic Ocean could unfold over the coming decades. For more on this image, see this post and this page.


As said, the situation is dire and calls for comprehensive and effective action, as discussed at the Climate Plan blog at climateplan.blogspot.com and as illustrated by the image below.




Memasang / Mengganti Gambar Header Pada Blog Dengan Cepat

BOS TUTORIAL - Memasang / Mengganti Gambar Header Pada Blog Dengan Cepat. Selamat liburan dan Selamat Datang kembali di blog kesayangan kita ini. Blog yang mengulas mengenai Tutorial Blog, bagi pemula dan bagi kita semua. Beberapa hari lagi negara kita Indonesia akan merayakan Dies Natalis Kemerdekaan Indonesia yang ke 69 tahun. Wah... tidak sadar, bahwa Indonesia sudah merdeka selama itu yah. Semoga Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia ini menjadi momen penting untuk kita bangkit dan semakin jaya di republik ini dan di mancanegara. Amin...

Kali ini, Mas Bro akan membahas mengenai Cara Memasang / Mengganti Gambar Header Pada Blog Dengan Cepat. Mungkin anda bertanya, memangnya ada cara lambat yah? Jawabnya ada saja, coba saja kita memasang gambar header sambil lari-lari di jalan... bisa-bisa lama jadinya heheheeh... (bercanda ya MasBaro dan MbakBro).

Memasang / Mengganti Gambar Header Pada Blog Dengan Cepat

Kenapa kita harus mengganti Header Blog kita dengan Gambar atau Logo? Alasannya cuma klasik kok. Biar blog kita semakin menarik untuk dilihat oleh pengunjung juga oleh kita sendiri. Setuju... Disisi lain, blog yang kita kelola terlihat rapi.

Biasanya, ketika kita membuat sebuah blog, maka tampilan Header Blog kita adalah Nama Blog dan Deskripsi Blog. Coba bayangkan apabila Deskripsi Blog kita sangat panjang sekali... bisa-bisa akan memakan tempat dan kelihatannya tidak elegan. So... diperlukan ruang yang luas. Terkecuali Deskripsi Bloha hanya 4 kata saja, tentu akan pendek bukan. Tapi semua tergantung selera saja kok. Ada yang sukanya blog apa adanya, ada juga yang mengantinya dengan gambar. Contohnya Blog yang anda baca ini. Saya menggantinya dengan gambar sendiri.

Kembali ke topik permasalahan kita, yaitu Memasang / Mengganti Gambar Header Pada Blog Dengan Cepat. Yuk simak di bawah ini.
Yang harus kita persiapkan adalah : File / Gambar dengan Type JPG, JPEG, PNG, GIF dengan ukuran sesuai tampilan Template Blog (Widget Headernya).
Langkah-langkahnya:
1. Bukalah Akun Blogger Anda sendiri yah (seperti biasanya)
2. Masuklah ke Elemen Tata Letak atau Layout
3. Pilih / Klik Widget Header (lihat gambar di bawah)

bagaimana cara Memasang / Mengganti Gambar Header Pada Blog Dengan Cepat

4. Klik Pilih File (lihat gambar di bawah lingkaran warna merah) lalu masukkanlah File Gambar yang telah anda sediakan tadi.

bagaimana cara Memasang / Mengganti Gambar Header Pada Blog Dengan Cepat

5. Bila koneksi Anda cepat, maka File Gambar akan langsung masuk. Bila koneksi lambat ya sabar-sabar saja dulu sampai gambar tampil seperti di bawah ini.

bagaimana cara Memasang / Mengganti Gambar Header Pada Blog Dengan Cepat

6. Apabila File Gambar Anda sudah masuk / tampil seperti gambar di atas, maka jangan lupa untuk Centang Selain Judul dan Keterangan (lihat tanda panah merah yang ada angka 1)

7. Lalu Simpan Widget dengan mengklik tanda Simpan (lihat tanda panah merah yang ada angka 2)

8. Selesai dan lihat hasilnya.

Bagaimana? Gampang sekali bukan. Itulah bagaimana cara Memasang / Mengganti Gambar Header Pada Blog Dengan Cepat. Semoga bermanfaat dan selamat mencoba. Salam sukses. Tuhan memberkati. [Bos Tutorial]

Yamaha R25, Spesifikasi Mesin

Yamaha R25 adalah model sepeda motor sport terbaru dari pabrikan sepeda motor asal Jepang ini. Spesifikasi apa saja pada mesin Yamaha R25 ini. Artikel otomotif ini mengupas jerohan mesinnya pada bagian Intake Manifold, Valve System, Ruang Bakar, Crankshaft 180 derajat, Upper Lower Crankcase, serta Transmisi 6 speed dan sistem injeksi.
November lalu, kami menunjukkan Anda "konsep" Yamaha R25 ditampilkan di Tokyo Motor Show. Sepeda tampak siap produksi, dan Yamaha bahkan memproduksi sebuah video dari Valentino Rossi mengendarai sepeda itu. Kemarin, Yamaha meluncurkan mesin produksi YZF-R25 di Indonesia. Ini fitur 249 cc, paralel-twin, 8-katup, liquid cooled engine memadamkan mengklaim 36 hp pada 12 rpm o00. Sebuah transmisi enam kecepatan memberikan daya ke roda belakang. Sebuah wheelbase pendek dan berat trotoar dkiklaim hanya £ 345 menjanjikan penanganan hidup. Untuk saat ini, ini adalah produk Asia, tapi jangan berharap Yamaha untuk duduk di sela-sela pasar berkembang US untuk sepeda motor perpindahan kecil. Apakah kita mendapatkan satu dengan penuh 300 cc untuk mengambil Kawasaki Ninja 300? Waktu akan memberitahu.

Yamaha R25 (Gambar 1). Majalah Otomotif Online
Yamaha R25 (Gambar 1).
Membongkar Mesin Yamaha R25.

Jika dibanding kompetitornya seperti Ninja atau bahkan Honda CBR250R, tenaga yang dihasilkan mesin R25 merupakan yang paling besar. Apa rahasia mesinnya? "Yamaha R25 merupakan Baby M1, dengan menjanjikan performa terbaik dan sangat nyaman untuk dikendarai. Karena Yamaha R25 menggabungkan Fastest, Lightest dan Advanced. Sehingga menjadikan R25 menjadi motor 'superbike yang bisa anda pakai sehari-hari," kata Divisi Service and Motor Sport PT Yamaha Indonesia Motor Manufacturing, Fajar Perdana di Jakarta.

Mesin R25 melahirkan kekuatan yang sangat besar di kelasnya yakni 26.5 kW atau 36 PS di 12.000 rpm. Angka tersebut sangat besar dan bisa dibilang sebagai power terbesar yang dimiliki oleh motor sport full-fairing bermesin 250 cc di Indonesia. Sebab, CBR250R saja hanya memiliki kekuatan 29 PS di rpm 9.000 sementara Ninja 250 bisa menampilkan power 32 PS di 11.000 rpm. Sementara penguasa pasar motor sport full-fairing bermesin 250 cc di Indonesia, Ninja 250 hanya memiliki kekuatan 32 PS yang bisa di dapat di rpm 11.000.

Tidak hanya power, torsi R25 juga lebih besar dari lawan-lawannya. Berbekal torsi 22,6 di 10.000 rpm, di atas kertas R25 lebih dominan dibanding Ninja 250 yang hanya memiliki torsi 21 Nm pada 10.000 rpm dan CBR250R yang memiliki torsi 23 Nm di 7.500 rpm.

Fajar menambahkan, mesin Yamaha R25 juga memiliki teknologi superbike, yang mampu menghasilkan tenaga terbaik. Nah mau tahu apa saja, yuk kita simak jeroan mesin terbaik Yamaha R25 yang satu ini.

1. Intake Manifold
Jeroan Down-Draft intake Manifold, Yamaha R25 berperan mengatur arah udara masuk vertikal, langsung menuju ruang bakar. Sehingga akan minim hambatan dan akan lebih efisien. Selanjuanya Throttle body yang dimiliki Yamaha R25 kini berukuran lebih besar mencapai 32 mm. Sehingga suplai udara di dalam mesin akan lebih optimal. Yamaha R25 juga dilengkapi dengan 12 hole Injector, sehingga bahan bakar akan disuplai dari 12 hole injector, jadinya partikel bahan bakar yang disemprotkan ke mesin akan lebih halus.

2. Valve System
Yamaha R25 mengadopsi sistem DOHC (Double Over Head camshaft) dengan direct-drive camshaft. Sehingga tanpa RockerArm, camshaft intake dan exhaust terpisah membuat gerakan valve menjadi lebih responsif. Dan ini membuat R25 bisa memiliki RPM mesin yang sangat tinggi. Selanjutnya Narrow Valve angle atau sudut valve begitu kecil, sehingga bisa menghasilkan rasio kompresi mesin tinggi mencapai 11,6 banding 1.

Yamaha R25 (Gambar 2). Majalah Otomotif Online
Yamaha R25 (Gambar 2).
3. Ruang Bakar
Pada ruang bakar atau Combustion Chamber, Yamaha R25 memiliki DiAsil Cylinder yang memiliki pelepas panas yang baik, ringan, kuat dan tidak mudah berubah bentuk. Selain itu Forged Piston yang dimiliki Yamaha R25 menggunakan piston tempa, namun memiliki bobot yang ringan.

4. Crankshaft 180 derajat
Crankshaft 180 Crankshaft memiliki keunggulan tenaga besar, karena mampu meminimalisir 'pumping loss' yang dapat menghambat kerja mesin, dan bisa memaksimalkan output tenaga mesin karena hambatan lebih rendah. Selanjutnya Crankshaft 180 derajat memiliki sport type vibration, dimana vibrasi yang dihasilkan oleh mesin tipe ini sangat sesuai dengan sporty riding feeling. Pada mesin dengan tipe 180 derajat seperti Yamaha R25, walaupun hanya bersilinder jamak, mesin ini hanya membutuhkan satu poros balancer (1-Shaft Balancer). Sehingga mesin akan lebih kompak dan ringan. Terakhir mesin dengan tenaga besar seperti Yamaha R25, sangat membutuhkan connecting rods yang kuat. Sehingga Yamaha R25 mengadopsi Heat Treatment Carburized dan Quenching, untuk mewujudkannya.

5. Upper Lower Crankcase
Jika biasanya crankcase ada bagian kanan dan kiri maka Crankcase yang dimiliki Yamaha R25, memiliki desain terpisah secara vertikal (atas dan kebawah). Dan R25 juga mengadopsi deep-bottom oil pan, dimana teknologi ni diadopsi layaknya teknologi MotoGP, dimana oli dihisap dari posisi yang sangat rendah. Sehingga bisa mencegah 'air bubble' atau udara yang masuk ke dalam.

6. Transmisi 6 speed dan sistem injeksi
Yamaha R25 memiliki 6 speed transmisi, dimana kecepatan motor dideteksi secara electronik oleh speed sensor. FI sistem Yamaha R25 semuanya memakai sensor, dan yang berperan mengaturnya ialah ECU. Dan sensor-sensor seperti TPS (Throttle Position Sensor), IAPS (Intake air Presseure sensor), IATS (Intake air temperature sensor), Crankshaft position sensor, coolant temperatur sensor, oksigen sensor, lean angle sensor, speed sensor, speed sensor, oil pressure switch, semuanya diatur oleh ECU yang dimiliki R25. Begitu juga dengan Actuator group, seperti ISC (Idle Speed Control), Fuel Pump, injector, Ignition Coil juga diatur oleh ECU.

oto.detik.com

The Arctic Methane Monster's Rapid Rise


Researcher Jennifer Hynes recently gave a frightening presentation about the situation in the Arctic and the odds that things will rapidly spiral out of control soon, escalating into runaway global warming a few decades from now. 




Above, a slide from the presentation, warning about the danger of earthquakes causing methane hydrate destabilization (from: Smoke Blankets North America). As the map below shows, 77 M4+ earthquakes did hit locations around Greenland in the year 2014 up until August 4.


Below is Jennifer's presentation, also on youtube at youtube.com/watch?v=a9PshoYtoxo



The image below shows sea surface temperature anomalies in the Arctic at August 7, 2014.


Warm water is carried into the Arctic Ocean by the Gulf Stream, as illustrated by the image below.
[ click on image to enlarge ]
The image shows how the Gulf Stream brings warm water to the edge of the sea ice. Waters close to Svalbard reached temperatures as high as 15.6°C (60.1°F) on August 8, 2014 (green circle). Note that what the image shows are sea surface temperatures only. At greater depths (say 300 m), warm water is pushed through the Greenland Sea by the Gulf Stream. Since the passage west of Svalbard is rather shallow, a lot of this warm water comes to the surface there. The high sea surface temperatures west of Svalbard thus indicate that the Gulf Stream is carrying very warm water (warmer than 15°C) at greater depths and is pushing this underneath the sea ice north of Svalbard.

As said, the situation is dire and calls for comprehensive and effective action, as discussed at the Climate Plan blog at climateplan.blogspot.com and as illustrated by the image below.



Suzuki Gixxer Baru Bisa Dipesan Di India

Sepeda motor sport entry level Suzuki Gixxer dikabarkan sudah bisa dipesan mulai tanggal 10 Agustus 2014. Tapi sayangnya pemesanan Suzuki Gixxer ini baru bisa dilakukan di India. Pabrikan sepeda motor Suzuki beralasan bahwa sebagai awal motor ini memang disediakan terlebih dulu khusus untuk di negeri India.
Suzuki Motorcycle India meluncurkan motor 150cc andalan mereka, Suzuki Gixxer, untuk pasar India. Sepeda, yang duduk di segmen 150cc premium ini didukung oleh silinder tunggal empat-stroke, berpendingin udara, mesin 150cc yang dilengkapi dengan September (Suzuki Kinerja Eco) teknologi. Teknologi baru ini oleh Suzuki membantu untuk memberikan baik kinerja yang baik serta efisiensi bahan bakar yang lebih baik. Perusahaan tidak mengungkapkan angka daya, tapi kami berharap untuk menjadi sedikit lebih banyak dari GS150R yang bergolak keluar 13.8bhp dan 13.4Nm torsi. Ia mendapat gearbox manual 5-speed, tidak seperti GS150R. Perusahaan mengklaim bahwa sepeda telah sepenuhnya dirancang dan dikembangkan oleh para insinyur yang memainkan peran yang sangat penting dalam mengembangkan GSX-R superbike. Mesin ini disetel untuk menghasilkan torsi low-end yang luas dan daya mid-range dinamis untuk percepatan kuat. Styling keseluruhan sepeda baru dan berjalan dengan tren desain saat ini. Styling knalpot motor, yang merupakan sesuatu yang meraih bola mata pada pandangan pertama, memiliki sifat-sifat yang dipinjam langsung dari Suzuki GSX-R. Meskipun fairing bikini pada sepeda terlihat mirip dengan street-fighter fairing pada Pulsar 200 NS, ini adalah perubahan yang menyenangkan dalam apa yang sebaliknya hambar line-up. Dengan guncangan teleskopik di bagian depan, sepeda menawarkan sebuah tangki gemuk rapi diukir. Sepeda motor memiliki rem besar di bagian belakang dan suspensi mono shock. The bersih mencari ekor, yang menambah sporty sepeda, dilengkapi dengan tubuh berwarna rel ambil. Lampu ekor normal multi-reflektor satu, bukan LED megah yang menjadi umum hari ini.

Suzuki Gixxer. Majalah Otomotif Online
Suzuki Gixxer.
Suzuki Gixxer Sudah Bisa Dipesan, Tapi....

Pabrikan Suzuki mengumumkan akan membuka buku pemesanan untuk model terbarunya Suzuki Gixxer. Meski belum diluncurkan secara resmi, Suzuki Gixxer sudah dapat dipesan per 10 Agustus 2014. Namun sayang, pemesanan ini baru berlaku di India. Alasannya sederhana, karena motor sport entry level Suzuki ini baru akan tersedia di Tanah Hindustan. Suzuki sendiri belum mengungkapkan waktu peluncurannya berikut harga resminya.

Meski begitu pabrikan berlambang huruf 'S' ini berbaik hati dengan membeberkan spesifikasi lengkap motor sport 150cc tersebut. Untuk diketahui, Suzuki Gixxer menggunakan mesin berkapasitas 154.9 cc, SOHC baru, 4-stroke, silinder tunggal, mesin 2 katup, dan berpendingin udara.

Dikawinkan dengan transmisi manual lima percepatan, jantung mekanis tersebut mampu menghembuskan tenaga hingga 14.1 PS pada 8000 rpm, dan torsi 14 Nm pada 6000 rpm.

Sistem pengereman depan menggunakan cakram, tapi sayang, bagian belakang masih teromol. Sementara itu, Gixxer memiliki dimensi panjang 2050 mm, lebar 785 mm, dan tinggi 1030 mm, dengan wheelbase 1330 mm, serta ground clearance 160 mm.

Motor berbobot 135 kg ini memiliki tangki bahan bakar dengan kapasitas 12 liter. Setidaknya ada lima warna yang ditawarkan diantaranya Pearl Mirage White, Metallic Triton Blue, Glass Sparkle Black, Candy Antares Red, dan Metallic Oort Gray.

autos.okezone.com

Warm waters threaten to trigger huge methane eruptions from Arctic Ocean seafloor

The evidence of abrupt high methane releases in the Arctic Ocean is accumulating. The graph below shows in situ methane measurements taken at the Barrow Observatory, including recent levels as high as close to 2200 parts per billion (ppb).


Satellite data picture a similarly dire situation. Global mean methane levels as high as 1831 ppb were recorded on the morning of July 30, 2014, while peak methane levels as high as 2330 ppb were recorded that morning. More recently, peak methane levels as high as 2522 ppb were recorded (on August 2, 2014).

IPCC/NOAA figures suggest that methane levels were rising by some 5 to 6 ppb annually, reaching 1814 ppb in 2013. While methane levels at lower altitudes have indeed shown little rise, much larger rises have been recorded at higher altitudes, as illustrated by the image below.


These high methane levels recorded at higher altitudes appear to be caused by the huge quantities of methane released from the seafloor of the Arctic Ocean during the period from end 2013 to early 2014. This methane has meanwhile risen to higher altitudes, while also descending to lower latitudes, wreaking havoc on weather patterns around latitude 60° North.

The releases of methane from the seafloor of the Arctic Ocean were caused by water that had warmed up strongly off the east coast of North America from June 2013. It took some months for this warm water to be carried by the Gulf Stream into the Arctic Ocean.


Meanwhile, very high sea surface temperatures are recorded in the Arctic Ocean, as above image shows, while warm water is carried into the Arctic Ocean by the Gulf Stream, as illustrated by the image below.


As said, the situation is dire and calls for comprehensive and effective action, as discussed at the Climate Plan blog.